LEUKIMIA

Leukemia merupakan kanker yang terjadi pada sel darah manusia. Untuk mengetahui tentang leukemia, kita harus mengenal dahulu sel-sel darah yang normal serta apa yang terjadi jika terkena leukemia. Darah manusia terdiri dari cairan yang disebut sebagai plasma darah, dan tiga kelompok sel darah. Kelompok sel darah itu dibedakan menjadi sel darah merah, sel darah putih, dan keping-keping darah.

Sel darah putih atau leukosit berfungsi untuk melindungi tubuh terhadap infeksi atau serangan penyakit lainnya. Sel darah merah atau eritrosit berfungsi untuk mengangkut oksigen dari paru-paru ke seluruh jaringan tubuh, dan membawa karbon dioksida dari jaringan tubuh kembali ke paru-paru. Keping-keping darah atau trombosit sangat berperan dalam proses pembekuan darah.

Ketika terjadi leukemia, tubuh akan memproduksi sel-sel darah yang abnormal dan dalam jumlah yang besar. Pada leukemia, sel darah yang abnormal tersebut adalah kelompok sel darah putih. Sel-sel darah yang terkena leukemia akan sangat berbeda dengan sel darah normal, dan tidak mampu berfungsi seperti layaknya sel darah normal.

Penyebab leukemia sejauh ini belum diketahui. Namun banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk memecahkan masalah ini. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa leukemia lebih sering menyerang kaum pria dibandingkan kaum wanita, dan juga pada kelompok orang kulit putih dibandingkan dengan orang kulit hitam. Namun sampai saat ini belum diketahui mengapa hal tersebut dapat terjadi.

Beberapa hal yang diduga menjadi penyebab leukemia misalnya tubuh sering terpapar oleh bahan kimia tertentu, sinar radiasi, serta obat-obatan (seperti pada pengobatan kanker), atau karena adanya kromosom yang abnormal (seperti pada Down syndrome). Bahan-bahan tersebut dapat menyebabkan terjadinya mutasi dan akhirnya akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan atau proses pembelahan sel darah putih.

Gejala penyakit leukemia biasanya ditandai dengan adanya anemia. Infeksi akan mudah atau sering terjadi karena sel darah putih tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik, rasa sakit atau nyeri pada tulang, serta pendarahan yang sering terjadi karena darah sulit membeku. Jika tidak diobati, maka akan mengakibatkan leukemia akut dan akhirnya dapat menyebabkan kematian.

Pengobatan leukemia dapat berupa kemoterapi dengan obat anti kanker, terapi radiasi, tranfusi darah dan plasma, serta transplantasi sumsum tulang.

sumber: info-sehat.com

Sel Penyebab Leukemia Ditemukan
Tim peneliti menemukan bahwa kedua anak kembar tersebut memiliki sel tunas abnormal praleukemia dalam darah mereka. Sel itu bisa “tidur” dalam sumsum tulang atau berkembang menjadi sel tunas leukemia. Hasil ini dikonfirmasi oleh eksperimen yang menggunakan sel tali pusar manusia.

“Penelitian ini berarti kami dapat mengetes apakah penanganan leukemia lymphoblastic akut pada anak bisa dikaitkan dengan menghilangnya dan berkembangnya sel tunas leukemia,” kata Profesor Tariq Enver dari Unit Hematologi Molekuler Universitas Oxford, yang memimpin penelitian tersebut. “Mulai saat ini, upaya penyembuhan bisa difokuskan pada upaya membidik sel tunas praleukemia dan sel tunas kanker dengan obat yang ada atau yang akan kita kembangkan.”

Upaya penyembuhan yang terfokus, menurut Tariq, bisa menghindari efek samping pengobatan kanker kemoterapi yang menyakitkan dan terkadang justru membahayakan kondisi tubuh pasien. Hal ini sangat penting karena terbukti, Olivia, salah satu anak kembar yang terkena leukemia, mengalami kebutaan di sebelah matanya akibat infeksi yang tidak bisa dilawan tubuhnya saat kemoterapi.

Para ilmuwan telah melacak kemungkinan sel tunas prakanker itu akibat fusi abnormal dari dua gen yang terjadi selama kehamilan ibu. Fusi ini menghasilkan protein hibrida, sebuah “kesalahan” genetik yang terjadi secara acak dan menyebabkan sel menjadi terjangkit leukemia. Gen yang diambil dari si kembar lantas ditransplantasikan ke tikus laboratorium yang mengkonfirmasi adanya hubungan langsung antara malfungsi genetik dari sel tunas tersebut dan leukemia.

Lembaga donor Inggris yang membiayai penelitian itu, Leukemia Research and the Medical Research Council, dan Rumah Sakit Great Ormond Street menyatakan sangat gembira atas penemuan itu dan berharap penelitian dilanjutkan ke upaya mencegah dan mengobati penyakit tersebut.

sumber: tempointeraktif.com

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sweet song

sweet song?  lagu manis?
ahh ini bukan saja orangnya atau penyanyinya yang manis
tapi juga suara, lirik dan faktor lain
inilah beberapa lagu tersebut 

Sabrina - I Knew I Loved You

Sabrina - Bad Day

Yiruma - Kiss The Rain

Yui - Goodbye Days

Endah and Rhesa - When You Love Some One

Mocca - I Remember

Gleen - When I Fall In Love

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moon and stars

bulanku tak berbintang tak mampu ia menghiasi malam dalam dunia yang kelam hanya bintang yang bulan tunggu bukan 1001 bintang tapi cukup 1 bintang yang dapat menemani bulan bulan tak akan kemana-mana bulan hanya akan didekat bumi sebagai teman sejati yang selalu menunggu bintang

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Dream

Hidup itu berawal dari sebuah mimpi di dalam hati ,yang ingin terwujud , namun kadang-kadang mimpi itu kurang baik karena menurut pepatah mimpi itu sebuah harapan yang hanya sia-sia ,,, namun ada pula artikel yang pernah di baca oleh Presiden pertama kita SOEKARNO bahwa mimpi itu sebuah motivasi dalam hidup ini , karna dengan adanya motivasi hidup yang kita jalani akan terasa lebih mudah dan tak terasa ..semua orang yang hidup pasti punya sebuah mimpi yang indah ,,,dan juga banyak orang yang seakan ingin mati karena sebuah mimpi yang terlalu tinggi..namun semuanya  tergantung seseorang itu sendiri  ...  

smooch! :D

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How to Make Fake Blood

If you're going for the cool look this Halloween, nothing adds special effects like realistic-looking blood. There are many ways to concoct it, ranging from edible blood made from kitchen ingredients (especially useful for kids, and when going for the "bleeding from the mouth" look) to chemically mixed, chillingly realistic blood used on movie sets. Whatever your preference, here's how to put it together.

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Edit Steps

Non-toxic blood

1. Note: this recipe yields blood that is very sticky initially. It is good for uses that involve children and possible ingestion, as it's not toxic.
2. Combine 1 part water with 3 parts corn syrup (known as golden syrup in the UK).
3. 

   Add drops red food coloring gradually and mix gently by stirring.
   Add drops red food coloring gradually and mix gently by stirring. Continue adding drops until the shade resembles that of real blood (always err on the side of adding less, as it's easier to add more). Add a small amount of blue or green food coloring to achieve a more realistic shade.
4. 

   Add a thickener.
   Add a thickener. Suitable thickeners include:
   • Dry thickener - Add sifted flour or corn starch to your mixture, and gently mix it all again. You may get small lumps forming at the top of the mixture. Wait about a minute and the lumps will float to the top where you can remove them easily.( You can also use glycerin.)
   • Wet thickener - Stir in chocolate syrup until the desired consistency is reached. Chocolate syrup adds a realistic brown tone to the blood.
   • Alternate Wet Thickener - You can also use pancake syrup to also add a brown tone, and make the blood a bit more thick, not too less and not too much.
5. Let the mixture sit for ten minutes in a warm environment. This will give it some time to thicken. And then you can freak people out with it – it's a lot of fun.

Chocolate blood (edible)

1. This mixture looks great, smells great, and tastes like chocolate!
2. Combine light corn syrup with red food dye until you get a shade that closely resembles real blood. You can also use a red drink mix (like cherry Kool Aid® powder) instead of red food dye, although be warned that this changes the flavor.
3. Carefully add a small amount of cocoa powder to the syrup mixture to darken the shade and cause the fake blood to turn opaque like real blood.
4. 

   Perfect the consistency.
   Perfect the consistency. Either:
   • Thin the blood by slowly adding water; or
   • Thicken it with a couple pinches of flour or cornstarch mixed in carefully and slowly.

Icing blood (edible)

1. Put a small amount of icing sugar in a bowl.
2. Add a few drops red food coloring until frosting reaches the desired color.
3. If it's too thick, add a little water.

Jelly / Jell-O blood (edible)

1. Use for large wounds to simulate clotting. Splatter it on your walls for a Dexter Season premiere party.
2. Microwave 3 to 4 bottles of glycerin.
3. Add one cube of strawberry jelly or Jell-O and mix thoroughly.
4. Add 1/5 of a packet of gelatin.
5. Add red food coloring.
6. 

   Stir until it's thoroughly mixed.
   Stir until it's thoroughly mixed. It's ready to use now.

Peanut butter blood (edible)

1. Feel free to use in and around the mouth, or on items that may go into the mouth. It should taste much like the peanut butter center of your standard candy peanut butter cup (especially if you add chocolate).
2. Use smooth or creamy peanut butter for best results. Chunky peanut butter will add a coagulated look, but it's harder to work with.
3. Slowly mix in corn syrup until the desired consistency is reached. As the mixture ages, it will thicken a bit, providing more realism.
4. Slowly add single drops of red food coloring until the mixture is dark red; the darker the better - it will look more like real, drying blood.
   • If wished, add a little bit of chocolate sauce or chocolate fudge for a darker color.
   • If you want a thicker mixture, slowly add corn starch (in very small amounts to ensure even mixing). The solution should thicken with time.
5. Note that this mixture may stain clothing, so be sure you don't want to use the clothes for normal wear again.

Barbecue sauce blood for congealed look (edible)

1. This recipe is good for inside of fake wounds and places where you want blood to stay without running.
2. Use a bottle of Sweet Baby Ray's® barbecue sauce and 2 tablespoons of molasses.
3. Slowly stir in the sifted chocolate powder until mixture is desired darkness.

Tomato ketchup or sauce blood (edible)

1. Squeeze 10 teaspoons of ketchup into a bowl.
2. Add 6.7 fl oz or 200ml of water.
3. Add a few drops of dark red edible food coloring.
4. Add a teaspoon of corn syrup.
5. 

   Mix together well, and spoon onto desired area.
   Mix together well, and spoon onto desired area.

Realistic looking edible blood

1. • For this you want your mixture to be roughly be 97% Golden Syrup
   • 2% Plain Flour or Cornflour
   • 1.7% Red food colouring.
   • 0.3% Blue food colouring.
2. Always add the Golden syrup first then add a very small amount of plain flour or corn flour (about a teaspoon) then add a teaspoon of red dye and a drop of blue dye. Give it a good mix then follow these rules:
3. If it is too pink/orange, add red (not blue; only add blue when you have at least put 3 teaspoons in and 1 drop of blue and you're confident it is still not dark enough and only add blue slowly as if it goes too purple you have to start again you cannot fix it with more red)
4. If it is too transparent, add flour.
   • This mix can get quite sticky and may stain clothes but is easily removed from skin with baby wipes or warm water! Tastes quite sweet! Looks real especially in front of a still camera

Soy Sauce Blood to Splatter

1. Take a piece of small plastic tubing and force it onto the end of a syringe. Use tape or glue to make this into an airtight seal.
2. Pour some soy sauce into a cup or bowl and add the red food dye. Add enough to make the blood dark red.
3. Put the end of the tubing in the cup or bowl and pull back the plunge to suck up the blood.
4. Use poster tack to clog the end of the tube. Make sure it's well clogged.
5. Tape this under the clothing and push on the plunger to release a spray of blood.

Movie blood (inedible)

1. Unlike the non-toxic, edible blood, this one won't be sticky. When dribbled from about five feet, this blood will create nice "splatter" patterns, like real blood does. On skin it will flow easily and smear like the real deal. But, be careful how you use it. It can easily get everywhere.
2. Pour about three quarters as much alcohol-free, water-soluble hair gel as the amount of blood you want.
3. Add water-soluble motor or radiator lubricant, any brand. This should be semi-opaque and slightly thicker than water. Start off with a very small amount and mix with the gel until it turns watery.
4. Mix in about half as much red food coloring as there is liquid. Preferably, buy a "super strength" type at a bulk foods store to save money, and skip the cheap, 1 oz (29.5ml) bottles; they look too pink.
5. Add small amounts of chocolate syrup to make the blood browner, and improve the thickness. It shouldn't be too much like water, but still very dribble-like.
6. Add small amounts of hand sanitizer if you're having trouble with a nice, drippy consistency. Be warned, this easily weakens the mixture.
7. 

   Check the mix.
   Check the mix. The final mix should be a little bit thicker than water, deep brownish-red, and about the opacity of milk.

Art supply blood (inedible)

1. 1
   Use Elmers Squeeze Paint Tubes®. This paint is usually very runny. Choose the colors in orange and pink (they don't come with red) and mix.
2. 2
   Squeeze paint onto the desired area.

Kool Aid Blood

1. Get 4-6 packs of Cherry Kool Aid and a teaspoon of egg whites.
2. Put the Kool-Aid into a glass.
3. Add a teaspoon of egg whites.
4. Stir it up.

Beet Root Blood (edible)

1. Buy a large jar of cut beetroot in a jar.
2. Drain the beetroot, put the liquid in a cooking pan. Set aside beetroots to eat later.
3. Bring juice to boil. Mix some (about 2 tablespoons) of cornstarch with cold water until you have a thick mixture. Add this to the boiling juice. # Continue to cook for about 3 minutes.
4. The mixture is ready to use when cooled down enough. It will get thicker when cooling down. If it's not thick enough for your purpose bring back to boil and add more cornstarch.
5. This fake blood will stain and be hard to remove from clothes.

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David Archuleta

With budding maturity, David Archuleta captures two years’ worth of introspection and reflection in The Other Side of Down. His latest pop album is the culmination of dozens of songwriting sessions, long days spent in the studio and nights in the air.

It is a follow-up to David’s 2008 self-titled platinum debut, which saw him work with established songwriters Iike JC Chasez, Jimmy Harry and Eman Kiriakou.

Not only that, it is a reintroduction to the Season 7 American Idol runner-up with the angelic voice whom 30 million television viewers fell in love with, and whose masterful performance of John Lennon’s Imagine captivated audiences world-wide.

Now however, an older, wiser David has emerged, but with faith still on his side and an eternally optimistic wide-eyed outlook. Hence, his latest album’s title. “For me, it’s about moving forward and making progress,” David explains. “I’m heading towards ‘the other side of down’, which is ‘up’.”

Born David James Archuleta on December 28, 1990, in Miami, Florida to Jeff, a jazz musician from Utah and Lupe, a salsa dancer and singer from Honduras, David was exposed to diverse music genres growing up in Utah, from Latin music on his mother’s side to jazz music from his father’s collection. He was particularly fond of and inspired by gospel, pop, R&B and “soulful” music, as well as Broadway musicals.

Barely after Idol, David saw massive success straight out the gate with his first lead single Crush, a catchy pop tune about unrequited teenage love written by Emanuel Kiriakou, David Hodges and Jess Cates, which charted at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has since sold two million downloads.

His sophomore album, a record entitled Christmas From The Heart, reflects his love for the holiday season and debuted at #2 on Billboard’s Holiday Albums in late 2009.

“For me, Christmas music has always been such a big time in my life,” David recounts.* A year later saw him singing with the prestigious Mormon Tabernacle Choir at their Christmas extravaganza, which earned him rave reviews.

Fast forward to the present, and you see many sides to David Archuleta. There’s the youthful David, affectionately known as Archie, who often lets loose mid-interview giggles on TV and radio.

And there’s the insatiably curious David, who does not have all the answers but is resolved to keep searching for them. This is best encapsulated in the single Something ‘Bout Love off the current album, a S*A*M and Sluggo collaboration, about the perils and joys of being in love.

Then you have David the inspiration and role model, who looks deep inside and up above for guidance and who is deeply passionate about helping others, supporting numerous charities such as Rising Star Outreach, Invisible Children, Children’s Miracle Network and Stand Up To Cancer. In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, he delved into his Latino roots by lending his voice to the recording of Somos El Mundo, a Spanish version of We Are The World.

Feeling a greater sense of purpose is nothing new to this singer, who overcame vocal cord paralysis that afflicted him at age 13 while competing on CBS’s Star Search. The trying experience was chronicled in David’s 2010 New York Times best-selling autobiography Chords of Strength: A Memoir of Soul, Song, And The Power of Perseverance and resonates in the overall message of The Other Side of Down.

“Instead of acting like everything in life is so hard and confusing, look at it this way: the only way you can go from here is up,” he says. “It’s our decisions and how we handle things, even when they get rough. If we keep holding on, looking at things positively and working hard, we can improve our lives, help ourselves, and even help the greater good.”

To that end, David has toured extensively across the United States, the United Kingdom and Asia to perform for fans. His current eclectic musical inspirations run the pop-rock gamut, from acoustic guitar-driven singer-songwriters like Jason Mraz to the electronic sounds of female innovators like Imogen Heap and A Fine Frenzy. “It’s amazing how one song can change someone’s life,” says David. “It’s been done for me so many times and I want to give to my fans the same thing those artists have given me.”

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saat semua pergi

hidup itu pilihan

saat semuanya pergi, saat semuanya berpaling

apa yang harus kita lakukan?

1 meratapi semuanya

ataupun

2 pergi dan berusaha bangkit dari keterpurukan

sooo..

jika seseorang pergi, ikhlaskan dia pergi

biarkan dia memilih jalannya

berat memang, tapi cepat ataupun lambat tak bisa di pungkiri bahwa perpisahan itu pasti terjadi

sepertiku mengikhlaskan cahaya hidupku pergi

selamat tinggal MATAHARIku :)

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